A

*Adr
A global variable holding the IP address of last recently accepted client. See also listen and accept.
: *Adr
-> "127.0.0.1"
(adr 'var) -> num
(adr 'num) -> var
Converts, in the first form, a variable var (a symbol or a cons pair) into num (actually an encoded pointer). This pointer can be passed to native or struct. The second form converts a pointer back into the original var. Note that this original var may be garbage collected if it is not referred from other data, giving unpredictable results. See also byte.
: (setq X (box 7))
-> $370237372176
: (adr X)
-> 533244889064
: (adr @)
-> $370237372176
: (val @)
-> 7
: (struct (adr X) 'N)
-> 114
$: (struct (adr X) T)
-> 7
*Allow
A global variable holding allowed access patterns. If its value is non-NIL, it should contain a list where the CAR is an idx tree of allowed items, and the CDR a list of prefix strings. See also allow, allowed and pre?.
: (allowed ("app/")  # Initialize
   "!start" "!stop" "lib.css" "!psh" )
-> NIL
: (allow "!myFoo")  # additional item
-> "!myFoo"
: (allow "myDir/" T)  # additional prefix
-> "myDir/"

: *Allow
-> (("!start" ("!psh" ("!myFoo")) "!stop" NIL "lib.css") "app/" "myDir/")

: (idx *Allow)  # items
-> ("!myFoo" "!psh" "!start" "!stop" "lib.css")
: (cdr *Allow)  # prefixes
-> ("app/" "myDir/")
+Alt
Prefix class specifying an alternative class for a +relation. This allows indexes or other side effects to be maintained in a class different from the current one. See also Database.
(class +EuOrd +Ord)                    # EU-specific order subclass
(rel nr (+Alt +Key +Number) +XyOrd)    # Maintain the key in the +XyOrd index
+Any
Class for unspecified relations, a subclass of +relation. Objects of that class accept and maintain any type of Lisp data. Used often when there is no other suitable relation class available. See also Database.

In the following example +Any is used simply for the reason that there is no direct way to specify dotted pairs:

(rel loc (+Any))  # Locale, e.g. ("DE" . "de")
+Aux
Prefix class maintaining auxiliary keys for +relations, in addition to +Ref or +Idx indexes. Expects a list of auxiliary attributes of the same object, and combines all keys in that order into a single index key. See also +UB, aux and Database.
(rel nr (+Ref +Number))                # Normal, non-unique index
(rel nm (+Aux +Ref +String) (nr txt))  # Combined name/number/text index
(rel txt (+Aux +Sn +Idx +String) (nr)) # Text/number plus tolerant text index
(abort 'cnt . prg) -> any
Aborts the execution of prg if it takes longer than cnt seconds, and returns NIL. Otherwise, the result of prg is returned. alarm is used internally, so care must be taken not to interfer with other calls to alarm.
: (abort 20 (in Sock (rd)))  # Wait maximally 20 seconds for socket data
(abs 'num) -> num
Returns the absolute value of the num argument.
: (abs -7)
-> 7
: (abs 7)
-> 7
(accept 'cnt) -> cnt | NIL
Accepts a connection on descriptor cnt (as received by port), and returns the new socket descriptor cnt. The global variable *Adr is set to the IP address of the client. See also listen, connect and *Adr.
: (setq *Socket
   (accept (port 6789)) )  # Accept connection at port 6789
-> 4
(accu 'var 'any 'num)
Accumulates num into a sum, using the key any in an association list stored in var. See also assoc.
: (off Sum)
-> NIL
: (accu 'Sum 'a 1)
-> (a . 1)
: (accu 'Sum 'a 5)
-> 6
: (accu 'Sum 22 100)
-> (22 . 100)
: Sum
-> ((22 . 100) (a . 6))
(acquire 'sym) -> flg
Tries to acquire the mutex represented by the file sym, by obtaining an exclusive lock on that file with ctl, and then trying to write the PID of the current process into that file. It fails if the file already holds the PID of some other existing process. See also release, *Pid and rc.
: (acquire "sema1")
-> 28255
(alarm 'cnt . prg) -> cnt
Sets an alarm timer scheduling prg to be executed after cnt seconds, and returns the number of seconds remaining until any previously scheduled alarm was due to be delivered. Calling (alarm 0) will cancel an alarm. See also abort, sigio, *Hup, *Winch, *Sig[12], *TStp[12] and *Term.
: (prinl (tim$ (time) T)) (alarm 10 (prinl (tim$ (time) T)))
16:36:14
-> 0
: 16:36:24

: (alarm 10 (bye 0))
-> 0
$
(align 'cnt 'any) -> sym
(align 'lst 'any ..) -> sym
Returns a transient symbol with all any arguments packed in an aligned format. In the first form, any will be left-aligned if cnt is negative, otherwise right-aligned. In the second form, all any arguments are packed according to the numbers in lst. See also tab, center and wrap.
: (align 4 "a")
-> "   a"
: (align -4 12)
-> "12  "
: (align (4 4 4) "a" 12 "b")
-> "   a  12   b"
(all ['T | '0 | 'sym]) -> lst
Returns a new list of all internal symbols in the current namespace search order (if called without arguments, or with NIL), all current transient symbols (if the argument is T), all external symbols (if the argument is zero), or all symbols of the given namespace sym. See also symbols and all*.
: (all)  # All internal symbols
-> (inc> leaf nil inc! accept ...

# Find all symbols starting with an underscore character
: (filter '((X) (= "_" (car (chop X)))) (all))
-> (_put _nacs _oct _lintq _lst _map _iter _dbg2 _getLine _led ...
(all* 'any ['flg]) -> lst
Returns a sorted list of all (possibly namespaced) symbols and path names starting with the characters in any. If flg is T, only symbols, and if it is 0, only path names are returned. Typically used in TAB-completion routines. See also all, symbols and intern.
: (all* "map")
-> ("map" "map/3" "mapc" "mapcan" "mapcar" "mapcon" "maplist" "maps")
: (all* "llvm~BLK")
-> ("llvm~BLK" "llvm~BLKMASK" "llvm~BLKSIZE" "llvm~BLKTAG")
(allow 'sym ['flg]) -> sym
Maintains an index structure of allowed access patterns in the global variable *Allow. If the value of *Allow is non-NIL, sym is added to the idx tree in the CAR of *Allow (if flg is NIL), or to the list of prefix strings (if flg is non-NIL). See also allowed.
: *Allow
-> (("!start" ("!psh") "!stop" NIL "lib.css") "app/")
: (allow "!myFoo")  # additionally allowed item
-> "!myFoo"
: (allow "myDir/" T)  # additionally allowed prefix
-> "myDir/"
(allowed lst [sym ..])
Creates an index structure of allowed access patterns in the global variable *Allow. lst should consist of prefix strings (to be checked at runtime with pre?), and the sym arguments should specify the initially allowed items. See also allow.
: (allowed ("app/")  # allowed prefixes
   "!start" "!stop" "lib.css" "!psh" )  # allowed items
-> NIL
(and 'any ..) -> any
Logical AND. The expressions any are evaluated from left to right. If NIL is encountered, NIL is returned immediately. Else the result of the last expression is returned. See also nand, or and when.
: (and (= 3 3) (read))
abc  # User input
-> abc
: (and (= 3 4) (read))
-> NIL
(any 'any) -> any
Parses any from the argument. This is the reverse operation of sym. See also str, (any 'sym) is equivalent to (car (str 'sym)).
: (any "(a b # Comment\nc d)")
-> (a b c d)
: (any "\"A String\"")
-> "A String"
(append 'lst ..) -> lst
Appends all argument lists. See also conc, insert, delete and remove.
: (append '(a b c) (1 2 3))
-> (a b c 1 2 3)
: (append (1) (2) (3) 4)
-> (1 2 3 . 4)
append/3
Pilog predicate that succeeds if appending the first two list arguments is equal to the third argument. See also append and member/2.
: (? (append @X @Y (a b c)))
 @X=NIL @Y=(a b c)
 @X=(a) @Y=(b c)
 @X=(a b) @Y=(c)
 @X=(a b c) @Y=NIL
-> NIL
(apply 'fun 'lst ['any ..]) -> any
Applies fun to lst. If additional any arguments are given, they are applied as leading elements of lst. (apply 'fun 'lst 'any1 'any2) is equivalent to (apply 'fun (cons 'any1 'any2 'lst)).
: (apply + (1 2 3))
-> 6
: (apply * (5 6) 3 4)
-> 360
: (apply '((X Y Z) (* X (+ Y Z))) (3 4 5))
-> 27
: (apply println (3 4) 1 2)
1 2 3 4
-> 4
(arg 'cnt) -> any
Can only be used inside functions with a variable number of arguments (with @). Returns the cnt'th remaining argument. See also next, args, rest and pass.
: (de foo @
   (println (arg 1) (arg 2))
   (println (next))
   (println (arg 1) (arg 2)) )
-> foo
: (foo 'a 'b 'c)
a b
a
b c
-> c
(args) -> flg
Can only be used inside functions with a variable number of arguments (with @). Returns T when there are more arguments to be fetched from the internal list. See also next, arg, rest and pass.
: (de foo @ (println (args)))       # Test for arguments
-> foo
: (foo)                             # No arguments
NIL
-> NIL
: (foo NIL)                         # One argument
T
-> T
: (foo 123)                         # One argument
T
-> T
(argv [var ..] [. sym]) -> lst|sym
If called without arguments, argv returns a list of strings containing all remaining command line arguments. Otherwise, the var/sym arguments are subsequently bound to the command line arguments. A hyphen "-" can be used to inhibit the automatic loading further arguments. See also cmd, Invocation and opt.
$ pil -"println 'OK" - abc 123 +
OK
: (argv)
-> ("abc" "123")
: (argv A B)
-> "123"
: A
-> "abc"
: B
-> "123"
: (argv . Lst)
-> ("abc" "123")
: Lst
-> ("abc" "123")
(as 'any1 . any2) -> any2 | NIL
Returns any2 unevaluated when any1 evaluates to non-NIL. Otherwise NIL is returned. (as Flg A B C) is equivalent to (and Flg '(A B C)). as is typically used in read-macros to conditionally exclude sub-expressions. See also quote.
: (as (= 3 3) A B C)
-> (A B C)

(de foo ()
   (doSomething)
   ~(as (someConditio)
      (doThis)
      (doThat) )
   (doMore) )
(asoq 'any 'lst) -> lst
Searches an association list. Returns the first element from lst with any as its CAR, or NIL if no match is found. == is used for comparison (pointer equality). See also assoc, rasoq, get, push1q, delq, memq, mmeq and Comparing.
: (asoq 'a '((999 1 2 3) (b . 7) ("ok" "Hello")))
-> NIL
: (asoq 'b '((999 1 2 3) (b . 7) ("ok" "Hello")))
-> (b . 7)
(assert exe ..) -> prg | NIL
When in debug mode (*Dbg is non-NIL), assert returns a prg list which tests all exe conditions, and issues an error via quit if one of the results evaluates to NIL. Otherwise, NIL is returned. Used typically in combination with the ~ tilde read-macro to insert the test code only when in debug mode. See also test.
# Start in debug mode
$ pil +
: (de foo (N)
   ~(assert (>= 90 N 10))
   (bar N) )
-> foo
: (pp 'foo)                      # Pretty-print 'foo'
(de foo (N)
   (unless (>= 90 N 10)          # Assertion code exists
      (quit "'assert' failed" '(>= 90 N 10)) )
   (bar N) )
-> foo
: (foo 7)                        # Try it
(>= 90 N 10) -- Assertion failed
?

# Start in non-debug mode
$ pil
: (de foo (N)
   ~(assert (>= 90 N 10))
   (bar N) )
-> foo
: (pp 'foo)                      # Pretty-print 'foo'
(de foo (N)
   (bar N) )                     # Assertion code does not exist
-> foo
(asserta 'lst) -> lst
Inserts a new Pilog fact or rule before all other rules. See also be, clause, assertz and retract.
: (be a (2))            # Define two facts
-> a
: (be a (3))
-> a

: (asserta '(a (1)))    # Insert new fact in front
-> ((1))

: (? (a @N))            # Query
 @N=1
 @N=2
 @N=3
-> NIL
asserta/1
Pilog predicate that inserts a new fact or rule before all other rules. See also asserta, assertz/1 and retract/1.
: (? (asserta (a (2))))
-> T
: (? (asserta (a (1))))
-> T
: (rules 'a)
1 (be a (1))
2 (be a (2))
-> a
(assertz 'lst) -> lst
Appends a new Pilog fact or rule behind all other rules. See also be, clause, asserta and retract.
: (be a (1))            # Define two facts
-> a
: (be a (2))
-> a

: (assertz '(a (3)))    # Append new fact at the end
-> ((3))

: (? (a @N))            # Query
 @N=1
 @N=2
 @N=3
-> NIL
assertz/1
Pilog predicate that appends a new fact or rule behind all other rules. See also assertz, asserta/1 and retract/1.
: (? (assertz (a (1))))
-> T
: (? (assertz (a (2))))
-> T
: (rules 'a)
1 (be a (1))
2 (be a (2))
-> a
(assoc 'any 'lst) -> lst
Searches an association list. Returns the first element from lst with its CAR equal to any, or NIL if no match is found. See also asoq and rassoc.
: (assoc "b" '((999 1 2 3) ("b" . 7) ("ok" "Hello")))
-> ("b" . 7)
: (assoc 999 '((999 1 2 3) ("b" . 7) ("ok" "Hello")))
-> (999 1 2 3)
: (assoc 'u '((999 1 2 3) ("b" . 7) ("ok" "Hello")))
-> NIL
(at '(cnt1 . cnt2|NIL) . prg) -> any
Increments cnt1 (destructively), and returns NIL when it is less than cnt2. Both cnt1 and cnt2 should be positive. Otherwise, cnt1 is reset to zero and prg is executed. Returns the result of prg. If cnt2 is NIL, nothing is done, and NIL is returned immediately.
: (do 11 (prin ".") (at (0 . 3) (prin "!")))
...!...!...!..-> NIL
(atom 'any) -> flg
Returns T when the argument any is an atom (a number or a symbol). See also num?, sym? and pair.
: (atom 123)
-> T
: (atom 'a)
-> T
: (atom NIL)
-> T
: (atom (123))
-> NIL
(aux 'sym 'cls ['hook] 'any ..) -> sym
Returns a database object of class cls, where the value for sym corresponds to any and the following arguments. sym, cls and hook should specify a tree for cls or one of its superclasses, for a relation with auxiliary keys. For multi-key accesses, aux is similar to - but faster than - db, because it can use a single tree access. See also db, collect, fetch, init, step and +Aux.
(class +PS +Entity)
(rel par (+Dep +Joint) (sup) ps (+Part))        # Part
(rel sup (+Aux +Ref +Link) (par) NIL (+Supp))   # Supplier
...
   (aux 'sup '+PS                               # Access PS object
      (db 'nr '+Supp 1234)
      (db 'nr '+Part 5678) )